The Differential Roles of Perceived Criticism and Self-Criticism in the Functions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Abstract

Perceived criticism (how critical an individual perceives a loved one to be of them) and self-criticism have both been linked to the presence and frequency of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, they may not be linked through the same mechanisms, as they reflect different sources, or types, of criticism. Here, we explore the relationships among perceived criticism, self-criticism, and the functions of NSSI – that is, the reasons for which individuals engage in this behavior. In a sample of 251 adult participants with and without a history of NSSI both perceived criticism and self-criticism were associated with a history of NSSI. However, they were associated with different functions of NSSI. Perceived criticism was more closely associated with interpersonal (related to others) functions of NSSI (e.g., to communicate or connect with loved ones). In contrast, self-criticism was more closely associated with intrapersonal (related to the self) functions of NSSI (e.g., emotion regulation, self-punishment). These findings suggest that perceived criticism from emotionally significant others (e.g., family, close friends) and self-criticism are related to NSSI through distinct and different mechanisms.